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Rickettsia japonica and Japanese spotted fever：A review on the pathogen and disease

WANG Xiao-xu, LIANG Ying, SHANG Meng, WANG Lu, JIANG Wan-jun, JI Hao-qiang, LIU Qi-yong

Abstract （43）

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Japanese spotted fever (JSF) is a commonly neglected infectious disease,and misdiagnosis and treatment delay are pivotal determinants of adverse outcomes among JSF patients. This paper reviews the genetic and evolutionary characteristics, transmission routes, and hosts of the pathogen Rickettsia japonica as well as the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, laboratory examination, and response strategy of JSF. Although progress has been made in the epidemiological study of this deadly infectious disease in China,information on the nationwide distribution of JSF and tick vectors is lacking. It is necessary to strengthen epidemiological investigation of JSF and surveillance of the hosts and vectors across the country, so as to provide a basis for the prevention and control and clinical diagnosis of the disease.

2024, 35 (1): 128-132. doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2024.01.023

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A discussion on the construction experience and standard of “four pests-free villages” in Zhejiang province, China

WANG Jin-na, WANG Xiao-lin, HOU Juan, GUO Jun-xiang, WU Yu-yan, LIU Qin-mei, LI Tian-qi, LUO Ming-yu, GONG Zhen-yu

Abstract （359）

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Objective To introduce the construction experience of "four pests-free villages" in Zhejiang province, China, and to explore the construction standard and assessment indices of the "four pests-free villages". Methods Based on the construction standards of "mosquito-free villages" and "fly-free villages" and in combination with the construction experience of pilot villages and relevant national and local standards, the construction standard of "four pests-free villages" was discussed and constantly optimized in specific construction activities. Results The construction of "four pests-free villages" needed to be assessed comprehensively from the overall condition of villages, organization and management, health education, comprehensive prevention and control of the "four pests", daily management, and density control level. The density control levels of mosquitoes and flies were based on the relevant density control indices of "mosquito-free villages" and "fly-free villages", respectively. The density control levels of rodents were as follows: capture rate ≤1.0%, positive rate of indoor rat traces ≤1.0%, and outdoor path index ≤1.0. The density control levels of cockroaches were as follows: sticky trapping rate of cockroaches ≤1.0%, infestation rate of adult and nymph cockroaches by visual observation ≤1.0%, cockroach oocyst detection rate ≤1.0%, and cockroach trace detection rate ≤3.0%. Conclusion The construction standard is feasible to some degree in practice and can provide reference for the construction of "four pests-free villages".

2021, 32 (5): 613-617. doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.05.021

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Surveillance of mosquitoes and their virus infection in Wudu district, Longnan, Gansu province, China, 2017-2019

WANG Xiao-jun, CAI Yu-cheng, REN Gui-qing, TONG Bo-bo, JIA Xu-zhen

Abstract （317）

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Objective To investigate mosquito population distribution and mosquito virus infection in Wudu district, Longnan, Gansu province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of mosquito-borne infectious diseases. Methods Adult mosquito density was monitored in Wudu district from 2017 to 2019 using the light trapping method. Specific real-time PCR was used to detect Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) in captured mosquitoes. Results A total of 15 796 female mosquitoes were captured from 2017 to 2019. The dominant species were Culex pipiens pallens (49.30%) and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (45.59%). The mosquito density was highest in livestock sheds (104.76 mosquitoes/light·night). Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was the most abundant in livestock sheds (77.96%), followed by farmhouses (9.17%). The annual mean mosquito density increased continuously, and the differences were statistically significant ( χ ²=32.955, P<0.05). Mosquito density showed unimodal distribution and peaked in June to August, with the highest density in July 2019 (143.05 mosquitoes/light·night). The number of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus captured from June to August accounted for 92.20% (6 639/7 201) of the total number of this species. A total of 28 specimens were made from the 1 074 female mosquitoes captured from July 29 to 30, 2019 and sent to the Virus Laboratory of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention for nucleic acid detection of JEV and WNV, and the positive rates of JEV and WNV were 21.43% (6/28) and 0, respectively. Conclusion The density of mosquito vectors in Wudu district was relatively high, the proportion of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus increased from 2017 to 2019, and JEV was detected in mosquitoes. The high risk of mosquito-borne infectious diseases requires intensified mosquito control measures to reduce mosquito density and effectively suppress the occurrence of mosquito-borne infectious diseases.

2021, 32 (2): 188-192. doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.02.013

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An investigation of the species composition and distribution of rodents and their parasitic fleas in the Winter Olympic Games zone and surrounding areas in Zhangjiakou, Hebei province, China

YAN Dong, CHEN Yong-ming, SUN Fei, MA Yong, ZHOU Song, LIU Guan-chun, YANG Shun-lin, GUO Chao, DAI Hong, ZHANG Jin-yi, ZHANG Xiao-lei, WEN Lin, WANG Xiao-yan, DU Guo-yi, SHI Xian-ming

Abstract （315）

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Objective To investigate the species composition, quantitative distribution, and seasonal variation of rodents and their parasitic fleas in the Zhangjiakou 2022 Winter Olympic Games zone (hereinafter referred to as the Zhangjiakou competition zone) and the surrounding areas in Hebei province, China, and to provide basic data for the prediction and emergency treatment of vector-borne diseases during the Winter Olympic Games. Methods From September 2018 to September 2019, the five-meter traping method and the quadrat method were used to investigate the species composition and density of rodents in Chongli district and the area around the Zhangjiakou competition zone, and parasitic fleas were collected and classified. The ecological method was used to analyze the species composition, distribution, and seasonal density variation of rodents, and Excel 2010 software was used to analyze data and draw charts. Results The quadrat method was used to investigate 20 quadrats, and no rodents were captured. The five-meter traping method was used to investigate 166 sites, and 266 rodents were captured by 16 600 traps and were classified into 8 species, 5 genera, and 3 families, with a capture rate of 1.60%. Time variation showed a rodent density of <1.00% from October to June in the next year, especially from December to April in the next year. Apodemus agrarius and Cricetulus barabensis were the main rodent species, and the rodent density was 6.14% in July and 5.93% in September. There was a variety of rodent species, mainly A. agrarius, C. migratorius, C. barabensis, A. peninsulae, and A. draco. A total of 266 rodents were examined, among which 36 were found to have fleas, with a flea infestation rate of 13.53%, and a total of 100 fleas were collected and classified into 7 species, 5 genera, and 3 families, with a mean flea index of 0.38. Bacteriological and serological tests were performed for all materials and yielded negative results. Conclusion Main host animals and fleas in Hebei province and surrounding natural plague foci are not found in the Zhangjiakou competition area and the surrounding area, and there are differences in natural landscape, the species composition of rodents, and the composition of fleas between the Zhangjiakou competition zone and natural plague foci in Hebei province. Therefore, there is a relatively low risk of primary animal plague in the local area.

2021, 32 (2): 161-164. doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.02.008

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An exploration of standards and systematic assessment indices for “fly-free villages”

WANG Jin-na, GAO Yi, HOU Juan, WANG Xiao-lin, WU Yu-yan, LIU Qin-mei, LI Tian-qi, ZHANG Xin-wei, GONG Zhen-yu

Abstract （309）

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Objective To explore the standards and systematic assessment indices for "fly-free villages". Methods Based on relevant national standards and the experience obtained from creating three pilot "fly-free villages" in Zhejiang province, China, expert consultation combined with field investigation were used to explore the standards and systematic assessment indices for "fly-free villages". Results "Fly-free villages" were proactively created by all villagers on the initiative of the village branch committee and villagers' self-government committee based on the principles of voluntariness, self-creation, and self-management. A sustainable control strategy was proposed, namely, focusing on environmental prevention and control and integrating physical prevention and control. The final assessment indices of "fly-free villages" were as follows:adult fly density ≤ 0.5 fly/cage (cage trapping method), infestation rate of indoor adult flies ≤ 3.0%, indoor fly density ≤ 3.0 flies/room, and fly breeding rate ≤ 1.0%. The "fly-free villages" were organized and managed in a systematic way; villagers' awareness rate of fly prevention and control-related knowledge, villagers' actual participation rate, villagers' support rate, and villagers' degree of satisfaction were ≥ 90.0%. Conclusion The standards for creating "fly-free villages" are feasible in practice to some degree, which can provide a reference for the creation of "fly-free villages".

2021, 32 (1): 94-97. doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.01.020

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Epidemiological characteristics and investigation results of human brucellosis in Miyun district of Beijing, China, 2013-2017

CHEN Yong-liang, WANG Xiao-mei, ZHENG Lan-zi, ZHENG Fang-hua, YANG Yu-song

Abstract （322）

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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and sources of infection of human brucellosis, as well as the incidence of brucellosis among high-risk occupational populations, in Miyun district of Beijing, China, from 2013 to 2015, and to provide a basis for the prevention and control of brucellosis. Methods All brucellosis cases reported in Miyun district of Beijing from 2013 to 2015 were investigated, and the high-risk occupational populations were analyzed by serological epidemiology. The chi-square test was used to compare the rates between groups. Results A total of 48 brucellosis cases were reported in Miyun district from 2013 to 2017. The mean annual incidence of brucellosis was 2.00/100 000, with the peak period from April to July. There were more males than females among the reported cases. The 40-59 years old group had higher number of cases and incidence of brucellosis than other age groups. Of all cases, 77.08% were farmers, and 81.25% were infected by sheep. The serum antibody positive rate was 2.72% in the high-risk occupational populations of brucellosis in Miyun district from 2013 to 2017. Conclusion The sheep was the main source of infection for human brucellosis cases reported in Miyun district from 2013 to 2017, and the infection rate of brucellosis was relatively high in the high-risk occupational populations.

2020, 31 (1): 100-104. doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.01.021

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Whole-genome characterization of imported Chikungunya virus in Quzhou, Zhejiang province, China, 2017

WANG Xiao-guang, YANG Rui-jun, HUANG Shi-teng, CAO Guo-ping, LEI Yong-liang, YE Ling

Abstract （302）

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Objective To perform whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) from the serum sample of a febrile patient who had traveled to Bangladesh in Quzhou, 2017. Methods Blood samples were collected aseptically from the patient. The serum was separated for detection of nucleic acids of CHIKV and Dengue virus by RT-PCR. The genome-wide target gene fragments of CHIKV were amplified by RT-PCR and then sequenced. The whole-genome sequence was analyzed by bioinformatic programs:Contig Express, SeqMan, Clustalx V2.0, BioEdit V7.0, GENEDO and MEGA X. Results The patient's serum was positive for CHIKV nucleic acids. The sequencing data were assembled to obtain the whole-genome sequence of CHIKV strain QZ0823, containing 11 787 bp nucleotides. No mutation was found in major structural sites of non-structural proteins. For structural proteins, E1 lacked the adaptive mutation A226V; E2 lacked the new substitution mutation K252Q that might affect the neurovirulence of CHIKV; there were no Aedes aegypti adaptive mutations E1:K211E or E2:V264A. The whole genome-based phylogenetic analysis showed that QZ0823 was tightly clustered with the epidemic strains in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, suggesting a close evolutionary relationship. Conclusion The nucleotide sequences of whole genome and structural genes C-E3-E2-6K-E1 of the imported virus in Quzhou show obvious features of CHIKV. QZ0823 and the epidemic strains in Bangladesh are derived from the Eastern, Central, and Southern African genetic lineage.

2019, 30 (6): 621-625. doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.06.006

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Correlation between Japanese encephalitis epidemic and mosquito vector surveillance results in Longnan, Gansu province, China

WANG Xiao-jun, CAI Yu-cheng, JIA Xu-zhen, CHEN Pei, YANG Hai-peng

Abstract （291）

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Objective To investigate the composition and dynamic change of mosquito species in Longnan, Gansu province, China and analyze the correlation between Japanese encephalitis (JE) onset and Culex tritaeniorhynchus, and to provide a scientific basis for JE prevention and control. Methods The distribution characteristics of JE cases and mosquito vector surveillance results were analyzed using descriptive epidemiology. The relationship between JE incidence and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus density was determined by linear correlation. Results A total of 215 cases of JE were reported in Longnan between 2017 and 2018, and the mean annual incidence rate was 4.11/100 000. JE onset occurred mostly between July and September. JE was observed mainly in adults (87.44% of individuals ≥ 20 years old) and in peasants from rural areas (91.16%). Mosquito vector surveillance results showed that Cx. pipiens pallens was the dominant female mosquito species that was entrapped, followed by Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. In addition, the dominant mosquito species varied with habitat. Culex pipiens pallens was the dominant species in residential areas, parks, hospitals, and peasant households (>75.00%), whereas Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was common in livestock sheds (61.51%) and peasant households (9.85%). In 2017 and 2017-2018, the monthly monitored density of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was positively correlated with the number of JE cases one month later ( r=0.983, P=0.001; r=0.937, P=0.006). Conclusion The distribution, density time, and seasonal variation of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus are closely related to JE onset. Understanding the correlation between the change in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus density and JE onset will provide insights into the early warning for JE prevention and control.

2019, 30 (5): 502-505. doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.05.005

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Genotyping and sequence analysis of G2 segment of hantavirus carried by rats in Shenyang, China

CHE Lei, ZHANG Guo-bin, GAO Dan, ZHAO Liang, WANG Xiao-li

Abstract （296）

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Objective To investigate the genotype and variation of hantavirus (HV) carried by host animals in the epidemic foci of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Shenyang, China. Methods The high-incidence areas of HFRS in Shenyang were selected. The host animals (rats) were captured simultaneously in residential areas and the field in the spring and autumn of 2017, and the rat lungs were collected. The HV antigen-positive rat lungs were detected by immunofluorescence assay (IFA), from which G2 segments were amplified by RT-PCR. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to identify the genotype. Nucleotide sequencing of the amplified products was performed. Homology analysis was performed by DNAStar package. Results Seventeen HFRS-positive rat lung specimens were screened out by IFA. Gene segments of interest were amplified from 10 specimens by RT-PCR, all of which belonged to Seoul virus (SEO) type. The sequencing results of the amplified products indicated that, compared with domestic strains and some international standard strains, the nucleotide homology of the 10 SEO-type HV specimens was 99.3%-100%. The homology with the 80-39 strain (South Korea, 1996) was the highest (95.6%-96.2%). The deduced amino acid homology was 99.3%. Conclusion SEO was the major type of HV in HFRS epidemic foci in Shenyang. The G2 segment of HV carried by rats was highly homologous and had no obvious variation, and the genetic materials were relatively stable.

2019, 30 (1): 91-94. doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.01.022

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Molecular epidemiological studies on an imported dengue fever case in Quzhou city, Zhejiang

YANG Rui-jun, HUANG Shi-teng, WANG Xiao-guang, LYU Lei, CAO Guo-ping, WAN Sheng, YE Cheng-hua, CHEN Xu-fu

Abstract （264）

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Objective To understand the pathogen's epidemiological origination and molecular characteristics of the dengue fever case in Quzhou city, Zhejiang. Methods The epidemiological survey was conducted and the serum sample was collected from the imported dengue fever patient in 2017 to detect dengue virus nucleic acids and antibody. The envelope (E) gene of the virus was amplified and sequenced. The genotype of the isolate was analyzed with bioinformatics software. Results The serum sample of the patient was positive for dengue virus nucleic and anti-dengue IgM. The homologous and phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolate belonged to dengue virus type 1, and the sub genotype was GI. It had a closest phylogenetic relationship with the strain isolated from the case of Southeast Asia (accession number KY586429.1, KJ806941.2), sharing 99.1% and 99.7% homology in nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence respectively, indicating that it might have originated from the Southeast Asia. Conclusion The imported dengue fever case in Quzhou city might be contracted from the Southeast Asia.

2018, 29 (5): 445-447. doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.05.006

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The molecular characteristics and epidemiological analysis of Hantavirus in southeast coastal area of China from 1980 to 2015

HUANG Peng, YANG Zhang-nyu, LIU Yuan, YAO Ping-ping, HU Jian-li, WANG Xiao-chen, YU Jian-jia, LI Jun, HAN Ya-ping, JIN Ke, YANG Long, ZHANG Yun, YUE Ming

Abstract （373）

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Objective To analyze the genetic evolution and epidemiological pattern of Hantavirus (HV) isolated from different hosts, vectors and patients in different time from different regions of southeastern China from 1980 to 2015. Methods The mutation site and frequency in S, M segment hypervariable region of HV isolated from southeastern China,including Jiangsu province, Zhejiang province, Shanghai and Fujian province, from 1980 to 2015 were detected. Combining the information of HV, hosts, vectors, environment and epidemiology, the HV evolution laws in different regions, time, natural reservoir and important vectors were analyzed. Results The HV strains isolated from the hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) patients in the southeast coastal area were mainly the Hantaan virus (HTNV), which were highly homologous with the 76-118 strain. While the Seoul virus (SEOV) carried by patients exhibited the highest sequence similarity to the Z37 strain. The southeast coastal area is the mixed type of HV-affected area, with apparent endemicity. The HV isolated from the rodents shared the highest identity to SEOV. The HV clades were related to host types and the locations of sample collection. SEOV was carried primarily by Rattus norvegicus, while HTNV was carried primarily by Apodemus agrarius. Conclusion The formation and maintenance of HFRS epidemic areas show a certain regularity.

2017, 28 (4): 354-358. doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2017.04.012

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Analysis on population density and seasonality of flies in Haikou city from 2011 to 2016

LIN Chun-yan, YANG Xin-yan, CHEN Xue-wen, LIU Yi, ZHONG Wen-bing, WANG Xiao-hua, LIN Yi, CAI Fang

Abstract （315）

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Objective To understand the density, population structure and seasonality of flies in Haikou city, for the purpose of providing scientific basis for prevention and control of flies and fly-borne diseases. Methods The density surveillance of flies was conducted once a month using cage trap method from 2011 to 2016. Each surveillance site covered 4 habitat types, including the farmer's market, the external environment of restaurants, the green belt and the residential area. Results There were totally 24 977 flies captured during 6 years, and the average density of flies was 16.63 flies per cage. It was showed that Chrysomya megacephala was the predominant fly species (with a percentage of 43.58%). The period with the highest fly density was from April to September every year. The average density of flies of the green belt was the highest (25.04 flies per cage), while that of the external environment of restaurants was the lowest (13.18 flies per cage), among different habitat types. Conclusion The density of flies declined significantly in Haikou city after 2013. However, the environmental management should still be strengthened in the future and the breeding places of flies should be removed timely. Meanwhile, targeted control methods should be taken during the peak time, in order to reduce the fly populations.

2017, 28 (3): 291-293. doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2017.03.025

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Identification of 8 female Sarcopha flies based on mitochondrial DNA and signum morphological characteristics

YUE Qiao-yun, QIU De-yi, SHAN Zhen-ju, WANG Xiao-dong, HU Jia, ZHANG Wen-qing

Abstract （260）

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Objective To establish a method to accurately identify the species of the female Sarcopha. Methods Thirty five mating pairs of eight Sarcopha species and 57 single male individuals of these 8 species were collected from October 25 in 2011 to October 27 in 2013. Their DNA barcodes were sequenced and 11 DNA barcodes sequences of these 8 species were also downloaded from the GenBank. Males were identified according to their genitalia, DNA barcodes differences between the intra-species, inter-sexes and inter-species were compared. Females were identified according to their mating males and the DNA barcodes, female's signum morphological characteristics of these eight species were illustrated and a key based on it was constructed. Results Inter-sexes DNA barcodes differences were 0-1.37% of these 8 species, and were comparable to the intra-species variations, and were lower than the 2% species limitation. The inter-species DNA barcodes differences were 4.56%-8.81%, there are distinct gaps between the intra-species and inter-species. The signum morphological characteristics were species-specific and could be used to identify the females. Conclusion DNA barcoding is a practical tool to identify the female Sarcopha. Species-specific morphological characters of the female could be developed based on the identification result of DNA barcoding, then provides references for the direct morphological identification of the females.

2016, 27 (5): 436-442. doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2016.05.004

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Analysis of cytochrome C oxidase subunitⅠgene of unknown and damaged fly species captured at Henan port

ZHANG Qin, WANG Xiao-meng, YUE Qiao-yun, QIU De-yi, GAO Jie, ZHANG Fang, WANG Kai

Abstract （260）

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Objective To identify the unknown fly species with severely damaged morphological characteristics intercepted from Henan port. Methods DNA barcoding based on cytochrome C oxidase subunitⅠ gene was used to amplify and analyze the DNA of the unknown fly species. Results DNA barcoding and sequences analysis showed that the unknown fly species were identified as Chrysomya rufifacies. Conclusion DNA barcoding can partly compensate for the limitations of traditional morphological identification and has broad application prospects in the identification of medical vectors.

2016, 27 (4): 354-357. doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2016.04.010

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Investigation on emerging tick-borne pathogens and co-infection in ticks in lava area of Xunke county, Heilongjiang province

YANG Jun, WANG Yan-mei, JU Wen-dong, JIAO Dan, XU Ning, LIANG Hui-jie, WANG Xiao-jie, FU Wei-ming, GENG Cong, CHENG Cheng

Abstract （263）

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Objective To investigate ticks that harbor emerging tick-borne pathogens and co-infection in lava area of Xunke county of Heilongjiang. Methods A total of 257 live ticks were collected in April to June, 2015. All samples were amplified for specific fragments of 6 emerging tick-borne pathogens by PCR, and further identified through gene sequencing. Results The results showed that 86 positive samples of spotted fever group Rickettsia, infection prevalence was 33.46%; Five positive samples of Bartonella, infection prevalence was 1.94%; 11 positive samples of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, infection prevalence was 4.28%; DNA of Borrelia burgdorferi, Babesia, Ehrlichiosis detection results were all negative. It was also found that 8 co-infection samples existed in Dermacentor silvarum, Ixodes persuleatu, and Haemaphysalis concinna, and the infection prevalence was 3.11%. It was confirmed that co-infection of spotted fever group Rickettsia and Bartonella existed in D. silvarum and coinfection of spotted fever group Rickettsia and An. phagocytophilum existed in I. persuleatus and H. concinna. Conclusion To strengthen the prevention and control of vector ticks in lava area of Xunke county of Heilongjiang is warranted.

2016, 27 (4): 341-344. doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2016.04.007

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Identification of intercepted Rattus nitidus by DNA barcoding at Henan port

ZHANG Qin, WANG Xiao-meng, YUE Qiao-yun, GAO Jie, QIU De-yi

Abstract （297）

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Objective DNA barcoding based on COⅠ gene was used to identify an unknown rat species captured at Henan port. Methods Genomic DNA of the unknown rat species was extracted, the international primer BatL5310 and R6036R were used to amplify COⅠ gene. Purified PCR product was sequenced and blasted in the GenBank and BOLD Systems v3. Phylogenetic trees were built with Mega 4.1. Results The amplified COⅠ fragment, without primer, of the unknown rat species was 750 bp in size and the sequence was 99.43% identical to the published sequence of Rattus nitidus. The unknown rat species was identified as R. nitidus. Conclusion DNA barcoding is a simple and effective method for the identification of rat species and can be the alternative method of morphological identification.

2016, 27 (3): 280-282. doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2016.03.016

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Surveillance of tick-born infections during 2012-2013 in Lishui, Zhejiang

LAN Yu-qing, LING Feng, HUANG Jin-bo, PAN Xiao-meng, LIU Fu-ming, WANG Xiao-guang

Abstract （273）

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Objective To understand the distribution of tick-born diseases in Lishui county, Zhejiang province. Methods The ticks on livestocks and wild animals were collected. The infection of tick-born diseases were detected by PCR amplification with specific primers on rickettsia, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Anaplasma, Bartonella, Lyme disease, and the barber west protozoa. Results The carrying rate of tick on host animals tested in the present study was 17.84%, while the index of tick carrying was 1.25. The positive rates of rickettsia, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Anaplasma, Bartonella, Lyme disease, and the barber west protozoa were 13.82%, 35.48%, 44.24%, 2.30%, 9.22%, 9.68%, respectively. Conclusion The carrying rate of tick was high in Lishui county, where more than one pathogen existed. The risk on tick?born infection was high, which should be concerned in terms of public health and well being of humans and livestocks.

2015, 26 (5): 512-515. doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2015.05.022

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Analysis of surveillance data of mosquito density from 2012 to 2014 in Haikou city, Hainan, China

WANG Xiao-hua, YANG Xin-yan, ZHAO Wei, LIN Chun-yan

Abstract （388）

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Objective To determine the species composition and seasonality of mosquitoes in different environments from 2012 to 2014, and to provide the scientific basis for the prevention and control of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases. Methods The adult mosquito surveillance data by light trap method were collected from four districts, then the densities of different environments, months, and years was analyzed. Results From 2012 to 2014, 15 549 mosquitoes were captured and the overall average density was 1.79 mosquitoes per hour. Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say was the predominant species, accounted for 83.46%. The annual density peak was observed in July in 2012; duel annual peaks were observed in 2013 (April and September) and 2014 (March and October). In different environments, the density in livestock shed (2.40) was the highest in 2014 while that in farmyard (3.14) in 2013. Conclusion In general, ecological habitats observed in Haikou city, Hainan, China were highly conducive to mosquito proliferation. The predominant species is Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus. And the livestock shed and the farmyard are the key sites where the main control efforts should be made. The key period of mosquito eradication is from March to October during a year.

2015, 26 (4): 424-426. doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2015.04.027

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Investigation on rodent-borne pathogens in volcano lava areas of Xunke county, Heilongjiang, China

YANG Jun, JU Wen-dong, JIAO Dan, XU Ning, LIANG Hui-jie, CHENG Cheng, WANG Xiao-jie, FU Wei-ming, WANG Yan-mei, GENG Cong

Abstract （373）

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Objective To investigate rodent-borne pathogens in volcano lava areas of Xunke county in Heilongjiang, China. Methods A total of 107 rodents were collected during April to September in 2014, and necropsy was conducted to acquire lung, kidney, liver, and kidney and bladder samples. All samples were amplified for the specific fragments of 10 rodent - borne pathogens by PCR, and further identified by gene sequencing. Results Five positive samples of SEO Hantavirus RNA were detected from 107 rodent's lung tissues, infection prevalence was 4.67%; 6 positive samples of leptospirosis DNA were detected from 107 rodent's kidney tissues, infection prevalence was 5.61%; 7 positive samples of Bartonella and 4 positive samples of Anaplasma phagocytophilum were detected from 107 rodent's spleen tissues, the prevalence of infection were 6.54% and 3.74% respectively; Detection of Yersinia pestis, Babesia, Spotted fever group rickettsia, Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, Rickettsia mooseri from rodent's liver and spleen tissues and Borrelia burgdorferi from rodent's Bladder was all negative. Multiple infection was found in some rodents, the infection prevalence was 2.80%. Conclusion Hantavirus, Leptospirosis, Bartonella, Anaplasma phagocytophilum exist in rodent populations that dwell in the volcano lava areas of Xunke county, Heilongjiang, China.

2015, 26 (3): 238-241. doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2015.03.005

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Direct amplification of barcode DNA from microtissues of medical vectors

HU Jia, YUE Qiao-yun, QIU De-yi, WU Ke-liang, LIU De-xing, WANG Xiao-dong,WEI Xiao-ya, CHEN Jian, LIAO Jun-lei

Abstract （310）

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Objective To ensure the purity of template in amplification of barcode DNA from the microtissues of medical vectors and to minimize the morphological damage to specimens, a method of direct PCR without DNA extraction was established.Methods Individuals of mites, fleas, and ticks, as well as the first tarsus of metapodium from flies, were used as samples in this study. The concentration of lysis buffer and the ratio of lysisvs. stop buffer were optimized to determine the reaction conditions.KOD FX DNA polymerase was used instead of Taq DNA polymerase to directly amplify barcode DNA. The PCR product was sequenced and aligned with GenBank sequences using Blast to test whether the sequences were contaminated. Results The optimized lysis buffer was 50 mmol/L NaOH. The optimized ratio of lysisvs. stopbufferwas180μl∶20μl. The optimized reaction system(50μl) was determined as follows: 2×KOD FX DNA polymerase buffer (containing Mg²⁺) 25μl, 2mmol/LdNTP 10μl , KOD FX DNA polymerase (1U/μl)1 μl, forward primerLCO1490(20μmol/L)1μl, andreverseprimer HCO2198(20μmol/L)1μl. The reaction conditions were optimized as follows: 95℃3 min for pre-heating; 98℃10 s, 50℃30 s, and 68℃1 min for35 cycles, followed by extension 7 min at 68℃. No contamination was found by Blast alignment of amplified sequences.Conclusion The method established in this study is easy to operate, and omission of DNA extraction will save time and expenses. This method is suitable for direct amplification of barcode DNA from mites, fleas, ticks, and even the first tarsus of fly metapodium.

2014, 25 (4): 297-300. doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.003

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Study on the efficacy of spinosad Natular G30 against Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus in two types of breeding habitats in Hainan, China

ZHANG Xiaoyue, MENG Fengxia, LIU Qiyong, REN Dongsheng, LIU Xiaobo, LI Guichang, LI Yuansa, WANG Jun, ZHAO Wei, WANG Xiaohua, HE Changhua, WANG Yanbo, ZHONG Wenbing, CAI Fang, OU Tingting, SUN Dingwei, ZENG Linhai, LI Shangan, LI Changqing

Abstract （425）

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Objective The efficacy of spinosad Natular G30 against Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus was evaluated at different doses with comparing sewage habitat and small body of water with waste plants habitat, so as to provide evidence for mosquito control. Methods Using wild Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus larvae and water in sewage and small body of water in Haikou, Hainan province, the efficacy of Natular G30 at 10, 20, 40, 80 mg/L was tested, percentage reduction was taken as efficacy index. The pH, temperature, total solids, salinity, dissolved oxygen of habitat water were determined at any two points of time during the trial period. Results There were significant differences (P＜0.05) between pH and dissolved oxygen in the two habitats, while no differences between temperature, total solids, salinity. The pH and dissolved oxygen of sewage water were (9.62±0.43) and (12.79±3.01) mg/L, and those in small body of water with wasted plants were (8.91±0.39) and (7.77±3.46) mg/L. The residual efficacy of Natular G30 at 10 mg/m2 and 20 mg/m2 against Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus in sewage breeding site lasted for 12 days, while 40 mg/m2 and 80 mg/m2 in both habitats was more than 30 days. In two tested habitats, after one day of Natular G30 using, the first and second instar mosquito reduction was nearly 100%, but for the third and forth instar larvae, 100% reduction date was at three to seven days. To our surprise, the reduction of pupae was negative after one day insecticide applied. Conclusion Spinosad has high and long-lasting efficiency against Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus larvae. Its effectiveness is better when applied in the habitats of small body of water with wasted plants than that of sewage. Spinosad has a very higher efficacy to control the first and second instar young larvae than the third and forth instars larvae, but no noticeable effect on pupae. To control Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus, the spinosad rate should be adjusted based on the characteristics of habitat water.

2014, 25 (2): 105-108. doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.02.004

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Investigation of mosquito species and mosquito-borne arboviruses in Haikou, China

YANG Ting-xiang, WANG Jun, WANG Xiao-hua

Abstract （468）

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Objective To investigate the species of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne arboviruses in Haikou, Hainan province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases. Methods Mosquito samples were collected using electric mosquito traps in Haikou city and other four districts (with different habitats) from June to November in 2010; the mosquito samples were classified in the laboratory, and viruses were isolated from them and then identified. Results A total of 8425 mosquitoes were captured. Of all these mosquitoes, 68.87% were Culex tritaeniorhynchus, 20.21% were Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus, 6.64% were Anopheles sinensis, and 4.28% were Armigeres subalbatus. One strain of Getah virus and one strain of Banna virus were isolated from the mosquito samples. Conclusion The prevention and control of mosquitoes should be carried out according to the ecological characteristics of mosquitoes in Haikou, so as to effectively prevent mosquito-borne infectious diseases.

2013, 24 (3): 254-256.